Terminal Christian Nubia (Late Makuria and Dotawo)

Christian Nubia had been a going concern since the sixth century: kingdoms with cathedrals and bishops, a literature in Old Nubian, Greek and Coptic, and treaties that kept Muslim Egypt at a distance. Its ending took four centuries and left an unusually physical record. In 1317 the throne hall of the royal palace at Dongola was converted into a mosque, and the stone that records it is still legible. Makuria fragmented after that, and a smaller successor kingdom, Dotawo, persisted downstream around Gebel Adda and Qasr Ibrim, still issuing documents in Old Nubian, still with a king and a bishop. The last of them anyone can name is King Joel, documented in 1484. After that the record simply stops — no conquest, no massacre, no final synod; just documents that cease, and a population that over the following generations became Muslim.